What Is a Peltier (TEC)?
A Peltier (TEC) is a semiconductor-based thermoelectric module that cools one of its faces and heats the other when electric current passes through it.
How Does It Work?
Inside the module, semiconductor pairs are arranged between two ceramic plates. When current flows, the Peltier effect moves heat from one face to the other: one face cools while the opposite face heats. Reversing the current swaps the cold/hot faces.
| Feature | Peltier (TEC) |
|---|---|
| Function | Cools one face, heats the other |
| Control | Current direction/amount |
| Moving parts | None (silent) |
Cooling the Hot Face Is a Must
The heat pulled from the cold face plus the electrical energy consumed collects on the hot face. So a heat sink and usually a fan must be placed on the hot face; otherwise the hot face overheats and cooling stops.
Advantages and Disadvantages
With no moving parts it's silent, small and suited to precise temperature control. However, it's inefficient; it consumes more electricity than the heat it removes and draws high current.
Where Is It Used?
Mini fridges, sensor/laser temperature stabilization, beverage coolers, dehumidifiers and lab instruments that need precise temperature control.
Drive and Control
Since a Peltier draws high current, it's fed by a power driver; the temperature can be measured with a thermistor and the current adjusted by PWM for closed-loop control.
Common Mistakes
- Not cooling the hot face: without a heat sink the Peltier quickly overheats and becomes useless.
- Condensation: moisture can condense on the cold face and drip water into the circuit.
- Current limit: a weak supply that doesn't account for the high current.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is a Peltier inefficient?+
Does its direction reverse?+
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